The Effect Of SMART (Self Monitoring Approach To Reading And Thinking) And Self-Efficacy Toward The Reading Skill On Narrative Texts On First Grade Students Of SMAN 10 Pekanbaru
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Published:
Aug 27, 2021
Keywords:
SMART Student Self-Efficacy Reading Comprehension
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Abstract
In teaching reading, teaching strategy and students’ self-efficacy influence students’ reading comprehension. The research was conducted to find out the effect of SMART (Self Monitoring Approach to Reading and Thinking) and students’ self efficacy on students’ reading comprehension of narrative texts. The design of this research was quasi experimental with 2x2 factorial design. The population of this research was the first grade students of SMAN 10 Pekanbaru, 2015/2016 academic year. Reading comprehension test and self-efficacy questionnaire were used as research instruments. Then, the data were analyzed using t-test formula and two ways Anova. The result of this research shows that (1) students who were taught by using SMART (Self Monitoring Approach to Reading and Thinking) had better reading comprehension of narrative texts than those who were taught by using Small Group Discussion. It was proven by result of t-test which showed that tobserved (2.23) was bigger than ttable (1.989), (2) students who had high reading self-efficacy taught by using SMART (Self Monitoring Approach to Reading and Thinking) had better reading comprehension of narrative texts than those who were taught by Small Group Discussion, (3) students who had low reading self-efficacy taught by using SMART (Self Monitoring Approach to Reading and Thinking) had better reading comprehension of narrative texts than those who were taught by Small Group Discussion, and (4) there was no interaction between both strategies and students’ self efficacy toward students’ reading comprehension, where Fobserved (0.69) was less than Ftable (3.23). As conclusion, SMART (Self Monitoring Approach to Reading and Thinking) had a significant result on students’ reading comprehension than Small Group Discussion and there was no interaction between teaching strategies and reading self-efficacy on students’ reading comprehension.
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References
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Bandura, A. 1993. “Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning”. Educational Psychologist, 28, 117-148.
Bandura, A. 1997. Self-efficacy in Changing Society.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bandura, A. 2001. Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. (Revised). Atlanta: Emory University
Borchers. 2007. Small Group Discussion: Definition of a Small Group. Available [online]: http://www.abcon.com/commstudies/groups/definition/html/. Retrieved on June 15th,2015.
Brassell, Danny & Resinski, Timothy. 2008. Comprehension that Works: Taking Students beyond Ordinary Understanding to Deep Comprehension. Huntington Beach: Shell Education
Brookfield, D., and Preskill, Stephen. 1999. Discussion as a Way of Teaching: Tools and Techniques for University Teachers. Buckingham: SRHE and Open University Press.
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Buehl, Doug. 2001. Classroom Strategies for Interactive Learning. Chicago: Library of Congress Cataloging.
Buehl, Dough. 2009. Classroom Strategies for Interactive Learning. Chicago: The International Reading Association Inc.
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Burgess, S., and Head, K. 2008. How to Teach for Exams. New Jersey: Pearson Education Limited.
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Mccrorie P. 2006. Teaching and Leading Small Groups. Edinburgh: Association for the Study of Medical Education.
Marther, Peter and McCarthy, Rita. 2003. Turning up Your Reading, Thinking and Study Skill (2nd ed). New York: McGrow-Hill.
Medina, A., L. & Pilonieta, P. 2006. Once upon a Time: Comprehending Narrative Text. In J.S. Schumm (ed), Reading Assessment and Instruction for All Learners. New York: The Guildford
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Nuttal, Christine. 1982. Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language. London: Oxford University Press.
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Ur, Penny. 2000. A course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Wigfield, A., Guthrie, J. T., Tonks, S., & Perencevich, K., C. 2004. “Children’s motivation for reading: Domain specificity and instructional influences”. Journal of Educational Research, 97, 299-309. doi:10.3200/JOER.97.6.299-310.
Zimmerman, B.J. 1997. Developing Self-efficacious Readers and Writers: The Role of Social and Self-regulatory Processes in Reading Engagement, 34 – 50. DE:International Reading Association.
Zimmerman, B.J. 2000. “An Essential Motive to Learn”. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25 (1), 82-91.
Zimmerman, Barry J. 2000. Contemporary Educational Psychology 25, 82–91, (2000) doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1016.
Zimmerman, B. J.; Kitsantas, A. Campillo, M. 2005. “Evaluación de la autoeficacia regulatoria”. Una perspectiva social cognitiva. Evaluar, 5, 1-21.
Zimmerman, B. J. 2008. Investigation self-regulation and motivation: historical background, methodological developments, and future prospects. DE:International Reading Association.
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and Practices(4th Edition). New Delhi: Sterling Publisher Pvt. Ltd.
Anderson. 2003. Narrative Text in Teaching. Available [online]: http://teachingengli sh4all.wordpress.com. Retrieved on June 14th,2015.
Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2008. Procedure Penelitian Suatu :Tindakan Praktik.(6th ed) Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Bachman, L. F. 1990. Fundamental Consideration in Language Testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bandura A., & Cervone, D. 1983. “Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1017-1028.
Bandura, A. 1986. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Bandura, A. 1993. “Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning”. Educational Psychologist, 28, 117-148.
Bandura, A. 1997. Self-efficacy in Changing Society.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bandura, A. 2001. Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. (Revised). Atlanta: Emory University
Borchers. 2007. Small Group Discussion: Definition of a Small Group. Available [online]: http://www.abcon.com/commstudies/groups/definition/html/. Retrieved on June 15th,2015.
Brassell, Danny & Resinski, Timothy. 2008. Comprehension that Works: Taking Students beyond Ordinary Understanding to Deep Comprehension. Huntington Beach: Shell Education
Brookfield, D., and Preskill, Stephen. 1999. Discussion as a Way of Teaching: Tools and Techniques for University Teachers. Buckingham: SRHE and Open University Press.
Brown, D. 2001. Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy (2nd ed.). New York: Longman.
Brown, H. Douglas, Priyanvada Abeywickrama. 2009. Language Assessment: Principles and Classroom Practice 2nd ed. London: Longman.
Brown and Abeywickrama, P. 2010. Language Assesment: Principles and Classroom Practices. New York: Pearson Longman.
Buehl, Doug. 2001. Classroom Strategies for Interactive Learning. Chicago: Library of Congress Cataloging.
Buehl, Dough. 2009. Classroom Strategies for Interactive Learning. Chicago: The International Reading Association Inc.
Buehl, Doug. 2013. Classroom Strategies for Interactive Learning, 4e. Newark Delaware: International Reading Association.
Burgess, S., and Head, K. 2008. How to Teach for Exams. New Jersey: Pearson Education Limited.
Burnes, D., and Page, G. 1985. Insight and Strategies for Teaching Reading. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanich Group. Pty Limited.
Burnes, Don and Page, Glenda. 1991. Insight and Strategies for Teaching Reading. Sydney: Harcourt Brace Sovanovich Group.
Caldwell, J.S. 2008. Comprehension Assessment: A Classroom Guide. New York: The Guidford Press.
Chadha, M. K. 2009. Applied Psychometry. London: Fage Publication Ltd.
Clark Gordon and Wareham Terry. 2011. Small-Group Teaching: A Guide. City of Lancaster: Lancaster University
Crilly, Ruth. 2002. Reading Strategies : Self Monitoring Approach to Reading and Thinking. Amsterdam : International Reading Association.
Devine, T.G. 1987. Teaching Reading Comprehension from Teaching to Practice. Boston: Merril Publishing.
Diptodadi, L. Veronica. 1992. “Reading Strategies to improve comprehension in EFL” Indonesia Teflin Journal.
Djiwandono, M.S. 2008. Tes Bahasa: Pegangan Bagi Pengajar Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. Indeks
Fitriyah, Masnunatul. 2014. “The effectiveness of using SMART Strategy in reading comprehension of second grade students at MTs Al-Huda Kedungwaru in the academic year 2013/2014”. Thesis Unpublished. Tulungagung: English Education Program. State Islamic Institute (IAIN) of Tulungagung.
Gay, L.R. Milss, G.E. and P. Airasian. 2000. Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application (6th ed). New Jersey: Person Education Inc.
Gay, L.R. Milss, G.E. and P. Airasian. 2009. Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Application (9th ed). New Jersey: Person Education Inc.
Gerrot, L. dan P. Wignell. 1995. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney: Antepodean Educational Enterprises.
Gibbons, Pauline. 1993. Learning to Learn in A Second Language. Cambridge: Heineman.
Gibson, D. 2010. Activate: Collage Reading. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.
Grabe, W. 2009. Reading in A Second Language: Moving from Theory to Practice.New York: Cambridge University Press.
Harmer, J. 1991. The Practice of English Language Teaching. London: Longman. Harmer, Jeremy. 2004. How to Teach Writing. New York: Pearson Education
Henk, W., A., & Melnick, S., A. 1995. “The reader self-perception scale (RSPS): A new tool for measuring how children feel about themselves as readers”. The Reading Teacher, 48, 470-482.
Hornby, A,S. 1994. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. New York: University Press.
Hughes, A. 1989. Testing for Language Teachers. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hughes, W.P. 2003.”Writing a literature review”. ARCOM Newsletter, 18 (1). pp. 7-8. Retrieved on June 23, 2015. https://www.reading.ac.uk/CME/about/staff/w-p-hughes.aspx.
Irwin, Judith Westphal. 1986. Teaching Reading Comprehension Processes. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Johnson, D., W,. 2000. Cooperative Learning Methods: A Meta-Analysis. Available (.online): http://www.clcrc.com/pages/clmethod.html. Retrieved on May 19th, 2015
Kelly, Mavis and Ken Stanford. 1993. Managing Small Group Discussion. Worksheet Series No. 9. Available (online): http://www.doxjac.com. Retrieved on May 19th, 2015.
King, C., T., and Stanley, L., M. 2004. Teaching Reading Skill in a Foreign Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Klassen, R., M., & Usher, E., L. 2010. “Self-efficacy in educational settings: Recent research and emerging directions. In T. Urdan & S. Karabenick (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement”. The decade ahead: Theoretical perspectives on motivation and achievement Vol. 16A.
Lacour, E.D., & Wilkerson, T.W. 1991. Efficacy in education: A synopsis of the literature (Report No. Sp 033 549). Office of Educational Research and Improvement. New York: Department of Education. (ERICDocument Reproduction Service No. ED 341 663).
Mc Neil, J., et al. 1980. How to Teach Reading Successfully. Canada: Little, Brown and Company.
McAnally, P., Rose, S, & Quigley, S. 2007. Reading practices with deaf learners. (Second ed., pp 27-339). Austin, Texas: Pro-Ed, Inc.
Mccrorie P. 2006. Teaching and Leading Small Groups. Edinburgh: Association for the Study of Medical Education.
Marther, Peter and McCarthy, Rita. 2003. Turning up Your Reading, Thinking and Study Skill (2nd ed). New York: McGrow-Hill.
Medina, A., L. & Pilonieta, P. 2006. Once upon a Time: Comprehending Narrative Text. In J.S. Schumm (ed), Reading Assessment and Instruction for All Learners. New York: The Guildford
Metallidou, P., & Vlachou, A. 2007. “Motivational beliefs, cognitive engagement, and achievement in language and mathematics in elementary school children”. International Journal of Psychology, 42(1), 2-15. doi:10.1080/0020 7590500411179.
Nation, I., S., P. 2009. Teaching ESL/EFL Reading and Writing. New York: Routledge
Nelson, J., M., & Manset-Williamson, G. 2006. “The impact of explicit, self-regulatory reading comprehension strategy instruction on the reading-specific self-efficacy, attributions, and affect of students with reading disabilities”. Learning Disabilities Quarterly, 29, 213-230. doi:10.2307/30035507
Nunan, David. 2003. Practical English Language Teaching. New York: McGrew-Hill Companies, Inc.
Nuttal, Christine. 1982. Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language. London: Oxford University Press.
Oboler, Eillen and Gupta, Abha (2010). “Emerging Theoretical Models of Reading through Authentic Assessments among Preservice Teachers: Two Case Studies”. Reading Matrix 10(1) 79-95. Retrieved on Sept 29, 2015. http://www.readingmatrix.com/articles/april_2010/oboler gupta.pdf
Ormrod, J. E. (2006). Educational Psychology: Developing Learners (5th ed.), glossary. N.J. Merrill: Upper Saddle River.
Pardiyono. 2007. Bahasa Indonesia. Bandung: CV. Andi Offset. Company Inc.
Philips, D. 2000. Preparation Course for the Test TOEFL: Skills and Strategies. Second Edition. Prenhallindo: Westley Publishing Company.
Pintrich, P., & Schunk, D. 1996. The role of expectancy and self-efficacy beliefs. Motivation in education . NJ: Prentice –Hall.
Pajares, F. 1997. “Current directions in self-efficacy research. In M.L. Maehr & P.R.Pintrich (Eds.)”. Advances in motivation and achievement (vol. 10, pp. 1-49).
Pajares, F. 2006. “Self-efficacy during childhood and adolescence: Implications for teachers and parents. In F. Pajares & T. Urdan (Eds.)”. Adolescence and education, Vol. 5: Self-efficacy and adolescence (pp. 339-367). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
Putu Desak Eka Yuliasari.2014. ”Improving Reading Comprehension Through Small Group Discussion Technique Of The Eighth Grade Students Of Smp Negeri 4 Denpasar In Academic Year 2013/2014”. Unpublished. Denpasar: English Education Study Program Faculty Of Teacher Training And Education Mahasaraswati Denpasar University. Retrieved from http://unmas-library.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/THESIS1.pdf. Retrieved on June 18th, 2015
Raven Richardson Piercey. 2013. Reading Self-Efficacy In Early Adolescence: Which Measure Works Best?. Available (online): http://sites.education.uky.edu /motivation/files/2013/09/Piercey_Dissertation_71813.pdf. Retrieved on June 16th, 2015
Rebecca. 2003. Narrative Text in Teaching. Available (online): http:// teachingenglish4all.
Rudduck, Jean. 1998. Learning through Small Group Discussion. Surrey: Direct DesigNn Ltd.
Schunk DH. 1995. Self-efficacy and education and instruction. In: Maddux JE, ed. Self-efficacy, Adaptation, and Adjustment:Theory, Research, and Application. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 281-303
Serravallo, Jennifer. (2010). Teaching Reading in Small Groups. Portsmouth: Heinemann.
Shell, D., F., Colvin, C., & Bruning, R., H. 1995. “Self-efficacy, attribution, and outcome expectancy mechanisms in reading and writing achievement: Grade-level and achievement-level differences”. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87, 386-398. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.87.3.386
Slavin, Robert, E. 2005. Cooperative Learning (2nd ed). New York: Allyn and Bacon.
Snow, Catherine E. 2002. Reading for Understanding toward an R&D Program in Reading Comprehension. Pittsburg: RAND
Stanley, M and King. 1989. Building Skills for TOEFL. Jakarta: Bina Aksara.
Sudjana, Nana. 1996. Metoda Statistika. Bandung: Transito.
Sudjana, Nana. 1989. Penilaian Hasil Proses Belajar Mengajar. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosda Karya.
Suryaningsih, Ruliq. 2013. “The Effectiveness Of Self-Monitoring Approach To Reading And Thinking (Smart) To Teach Reading Viewed From Students’ Self-Esteem (An Experimental Study At The Eleventh Grade Students Of Sman 1 Pulung, Ponorogo In The 2012/2013 Academic Year”. Unpublished. Ponorogo: Universitas Sebelas Maret.
Susilawati. 2008. “Using the SMART Technique to Improve the Reading Comprehension Ability of the Second Semester Students of Unismuh Palu”. Unpublished. Malang: Language Education, Graduate Program of State University of Malang
Swalander, L., & Taube, K. 2007. “Influences of family based prerequisites, reading attitude, and self-regulation on reading ability”. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 32, 206-230. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2006.01.002
Underwood, T. 1997. “On knowing what you know: Metacognition and the act of reading”. The Clearing House, 71 (2), 77-80.
Ur, Penny. 1991. Discussion that Word: Language Book for Language Teacher. London: Longman group limited.
Ur, Penny. 2000. A course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Vaughn, J., L., & Estes, T., H. 1986. Reading and reasoning beyond the primary grades. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Wang, Victor, C., X. 2011. Encyclopedia of Information Communication Technologies and Adult Education Integration. New York: Information Science Reference.
Wentzel, K., R. 1996. “Social and academic motivation in middle school: Concurrent and long-term relations to academic effort”. Journal of Early Adolescence, 16, 390-406. doi:10.1177/0272431696016004002.
Westwood, Peter. 2008. What Teachers Need to Know about Reading and Writing Difficulties. Australia: ACER Press.
Wigfield, A., & Guthrie, J., T. 1997. “Relations of children’s’ motivation for reading to the amount and breadth of their reading”. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 420-432. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.3.420
Wigfield, A., Guthrie, J. T., Tonks, S., & Perencevich, K., C. 2004. “Children’s motivation for reading: Domain specificity and instructional influences”. Journal of Educational Research, 97, 299-309. doi:10.3200/JOER.97.6.299-310.
Zimmerman, B.J. 1997. Developing Self-efficacious Readers and Writers: The Role of Social and Self-regulatory Processes in Reading Engagement, 34 – 50. DE:International Reading Association.
Zimmerman, B.J. 2000. “An Essential Motive to Learn”. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25 (1), 82-91.
Zimmerman, Barry J. 2000. Contemporary Educational Psychology 25, 82–91, (2000) doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1016.
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