PERSAHABATAN DI TEMPAT KERJA DAN ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR: MEKANISME PERAN EMOSI POSITIF
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Jul 9, 2023
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Persahabatan di Tempat Kerja Organizational Citizenship Behavior Emosi Positif
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Abstract
Penelitian ini memberikan implikasi yang bernilai dan berharga bagi arus penelitian (research stream) pada bidang ilmu manajemen, khususnya pada topik kajian manajemen sumber daya manusia. Dengan memanfaatkan sampel dari pegawai yang bekerja di salah satu organisasi non-profit seperti Instansi Pemerintahan kota/kabupaten di salah satu wilayah di Indonesia, temuan pada penelitian ini menguraikan bagaimana dan mengapa kondisi persahabatan di tempat kerja memiliki dampak terhadap emosi positif yang pada akhirnya akan mendorong individu untuk telrlibat dalam perilaku extraordinary seperti organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Temuan penelitian ini juga dapat memberikan masukan kepada pihak manajemen organisasi dalam mempertimbangkan strategi desain jabatan (pekerjaan) yang dapat menciptakan kondisi persahabatan di tempat kerja. Hasil penelitian juga diharapkan dapat menjadi stimulus dalam memberikan perhatian yang lebih untuk penelitian-penelitian yang akan datang dari para akademisi dan praktisi dalam menjelaskan fungsi dari persahabatan di tempat kerja terhadap sikap dan perilaku individu pada organisasi.
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References
Abdillah, M. R., Anita, R., & Anugerah, R. (2016). Dampak iklim organisasi terhadap stres kerja dan kinerja karyawan. Jurnal Manajemen, 20(1), 121-141.
Abdillah, M. R. (2020). Effects of Altruistic Leadership on Knowledge Hiding among Subordinates: Testing a Dual Mediation Mechanism. (Doctoral dissertation, Da-Yeh University, Taiwan). Retrieved from: https://hdl.handle.net/11296/g3e8ug
Albrecht T.L., Adelman M.B. (1987). Communicating social support: A theoretical perspective. In Albrecht T.L, Adelman M.B. (Eds), Communicating social support (pp. 18–39). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Anita, R., Abdillah, M. R., & Zakaria, N. B. (2021). Authentic leader and internal whistleblowers: testing a dual mediation mechanism. International Journal of Ethics and Systems. 37(1), 35-52.
Baker W, Cross R, Wooten M. (2003). Positive organizational network analysis and energizing relationships. In Cameron KS, Dutton JE, Quinn RE (Eds), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline (pp. 328–342). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
Barnard, C. I. (1938). The functions of the executive. Harvard university press.
Barotuttakiah, R., & Helmy, I. (2020). Pengaruh Workplace Friendship dan Person-Organization Fit (PO Fit) Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) dengan Kepuasan Kerja sebagai Variabel Intervening. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi (JIMMBA), 2(1), 101-110.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological bulletin, 117(3), 497.
Berman, E. M., West, J. P., & Richter, Jr, M. N. (2002). Workplace relations: Friendship patterns and consequences (according to managers). Public Administration Review, 62(2), 217-230.
Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 17(5), 475-482.
Bridge, K., & Baxter, L. A. (1992). Blended relationships: Friends as work associates. Western Journal of Communication (includes Communication Reports), 56(3), 200-225.
Casciaro, T., & Lobo, M. S. (2005). Competent jerks, lovable fools, and the formation of social networks. Harvard business review, 83(6), 92-99.
Casciaro T, Lobo MS. (2011, August). The primacy of affect in intraorganizational task networks. Presented at the Academy ofManagement AnnualMeeting, San Antonio, TX.
Chen, C. Y., Mao, H. Y., Hsieh, A. T., Liu, L. L., & Yen, C. H. (2013). The relationship among interactive justice, leader–member exchange, and workplace friendship. The Social Science Journal, 50(1), 89-95.
Colbert, A. E., Bono, J. E., & Purvanova, R. K. (2016). Flourishing via workplace relationships: Moving beyond instrumental support. Academy of Management Journal, 59(4), 1199-1223.
Deckop, J. R., Mangel, R., & Cirka, C. C. (1999). Getting more than you pay for: Organizational citizenship behavior and pay-for-performance plans. Academy of Management journal, 42(4), 420-428.
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological science, 13(1), 81-84.
Dutton J.E., Heaphy E.D. (2003). The power of high quality connections. In Cameron K.S, Dutton J.E., Quinn R.E. (Eds), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline (pp. 263–278). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions?. Review of general psychology, 2(3), 300-319.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American psychologist, 56(3), 218.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden–and–build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1367-1377.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 47, pp. 1-53). Academic Press.
Goldman, J. A., Cooper, P. E., Ahern, K., & Corsini, D. A. (1981). Continuities and discontinuities in the friendship descriptions of women at six stages in the life cycle. Genetic Psychology Monographs.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American psychologist, 44(3), 513.
Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested‐self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied psychology, 50(3), 337-421.
Hofmann, D. A., Lei, Z., & Grant, A. M. (2009). Seeking help in the shadow of doubt: The sensemaking processes underlying how nurses decide whom to ask for advice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1261.
Ibarra, H. (1993). Personal networks of women and minorities in management: A conceptual framework. Academy of management Review, 18(1), 56-87.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of management journal, 33(4), 692-724.
Kram, K. E., & Isabella, L. A. (1985). Mentoring alternatives: The role of peer relationships in career development. Academy of management Journal, 28(1), 110-132.
Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1966, 1978). The social psychology of organizations. New York: Wiley.
Leana, C. R., & Van Buren III, H. J. (2012). Organizational Social Capital and Employment Practices. Sociology of Organizations: Structures and Relationships, 41-52.
Lu, J. G., Hafenbrack, A. C., Eastwick, P. W., Wang, D. J., Maddux, W. W., & Galinsky, A. D. (2017). “Going out” of the box: Close intercultural friendships and romantic relationships spark creativity, workplace innovation, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(7), 1091.
Markiewicz, D., Devine, I., & Kausilas, D. (2000). Friendships of women and men at work: Job satisfaction and resource implications. Journal of managerial Psychology.
May, D. R., Gilson, R. L., & Harter, L. M. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 77(1), 11-37.
Methot, J. R., Lepine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & Christian, J. S. (2016). Are workplace friendships a mixed blessing? Exploring tradeoffs of multiplex relationships and their associations with job performance. Personnel psychology, 69(2), 311-355.
Mao, H. Y. (2006). The relationship between organizational level and workplace friendship. The international journal of human Resource Management, 17(10), 1819-1833.
Mao, H. Y., Chen, C. Y., & Hsieh, T. H. (2009). The relationship between bureaucracy and workplace friendship. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 37(2), 255-266.
Mao, H. Y., Hsieh, A. T., & Chen, C. Y. (2012). The relationship between workplace friendship and perceived job significance. Journal of Management & Organization, 18(2), 247-262.
Mao, H. Y., & Hsieh, A. T. (2017). Friendship at work and error disclosure. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 20(4), 213-225.
Markiewicz, D., Devine, I., & Kausilas, D. (2000). Friendships of women and men at work: Job satisfaction and resource implications. Journal of managerial Psychology.
Morrison, R., & Wright, S. (Eds.). (2009). Friends and enemies in organizations: A work psychology perspective. Springer.
Mossholder, K. W., Settoon, R. P., & Henagan, S. C. (2005). A relational perspective on turnover: Examining structural, attitudinal, and behavioral predictors. Academy of Management Journal, 48(4), 607-618.
Nadler, A., Ellis, S., & Bar, I. (2003). To seek or not to seek: The relationship between help seeking and job performance evaluations as moderated by task‐relevant expertise. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(1), 91-109.
Nielsen, I. K., Jex, S. M., & Adams, G. A. (2000). Development and validation of scores on a two-dimensional workplace friendship scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(4), 628-643.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA Lexmgton.
Organ, D. W. (2015). Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Wright, J. D. (Eds), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition). Elsevier, Pages 317-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.22031-X.
Pillemer, J., & Rothbard, N. P. (2018). Friends without benefits: Understanding the dark sides of workplace friendship. Academy of Management Review, 43(4), 635-660.
Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual-and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of applied Psychology, 94(1), 122-141.
Quinn, R. W., & Dutton, J. E. (2005). Coordination as energy-in-conversation. Academy of management review, 30(1), 36-57.
Rawlins, W. K. (2017). Friendship matters communication, dialectics, and the life course. Routledge.
Riordan, C. M., & Griffeth, R. W. (1995). The opportunity for friendship in the workplace: An underexplored construct. Journal of business and psychology, 10(2), 141-154.
Roethlisberger, F. J., & Dickson, W. J. (1939). Management and the Worker. Harvard university press.
Ross, J. A. (1997). Does friendship improve job performance?. Harvard Business Review, 75(2), 8-9.
Sias, P. M., & Perry, T. (2004). Disengaging from workplace relationships: A research note. Human Communication Research, 30(4), 589-602.
Song, S. H. (2006). Workplace friendship and employees’ productivity: LMX theory and the case of the Seoul city government. International Review of Public Administration, 11(1), 47-58.
Song, S. H., & Olshfski, D. (2008). Friends at work: A comparative study of work attitudes in Seoul city government and New Jersey state government. Administration & Society, 40(2), 147-169.
Smith, C. A. O. D. W. N. J. P., Organ, D. W., & Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of applied psychology, 68(4), 653-663.
Tse, H. H., & Dasborough, M. T. (2008). A study of exchange and emotions in team member relationships. Group & Organization Management, 33(2), 194-215.
Vaillant, G. E. (2008). Aging well: Surprising guideposts to a happier life from the landmark study of adult development. Hachette UK.
Winstead, B. A., Derlega, V. J., Montgomery, M. J., & Pilkington, C. (1995). The quality of friendships at work and job satisfaction. Journal of social and personal relationships, 12(2), 199-215.
Wright, P. H. (1974). The delineation and measurement of some key variables in the study of friendship. Representative Research in Social Psychology.
Wright, P. H. (1984). Self-referent motivation and the intrinsic quality of friendship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1(1), 115-130.
Zagenczyk, T. J., & Murrell, A. J. (2009). It is better to receive than to give: Advice network effects on job and work-unit attachment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(2), 139-152.
Abdillah, M. R. (2020). Effects of Altruistic Leadership on Knowledge Hiding among Subordinates: Testing a Dual Mediation Mechanism. (Doctoral dissertation, Da-Yeh University, Taiwan). Retrieved from: https://hdl.handle.net/11296/g3e8ug
Albrecht T.L., Adelman M.B. (1987). Communicating social support: A theoretical perspective. In Albrecht T.L, Adelman M.B. (Eds), Communicating social support (pp. 18–39). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Anita, R., Abdillah, M. R., & Zakaria, N. B. (2021). Authentic leader and internal whistleblowers: testing a dual mediation mechanism. International Journal of Ethics and Systems. 37(1), 35-52.
Baker W, Cross R, Wooten M. (2003). Positive organizational network analysis and energizing relationships. In Cameron KS, Dutton JE, Quinn RE (Eds), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline (pp. 328–342). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
Barnard, C. I. (1938). The functions of the executive. Harvard university press.
Barotuttakiah, R., & Helmy, I. (2020). Pengaruh Workplace Friendship dan Person-Organization Fit (PO Fit) Terhadap Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) dengan Kepuasan Kerja sebagai Variabel Intervening. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi (JIMMBA), 2(1), 101-110.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological bulletin, 117(3), 497.
Berman, E. M., West, J. P., & Richter, Jr, M. N. (2002). Workplace relations: Friendship patterns and consequences (according to managers). Public Administration Review, 62(2), 217-230.
Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 17(5), 475-482.
Bridge, K., & Baxter, L. A. (1992). Blended relationships: Friends as work associates. Western Journal of Communication (includes Communication Reports), 56(3), 200-225.
Casciaro, T., & Lobo, M. S. (2005). Competent jerks, lovable fools, and the formation of social networks. Harvard business review, 83(6), 92-99.
Casciaro T, Lobo MS. (2011, August). The primacy of affect in intraorganizational task networks. Presented at the Academy ofManagement AnnualMeeting, San Antonio, TX.
Chen, C. Y., Mao, H. Y., Hsieh, A. T., Liu, L. L., & Yen, C. H. (2013). The relationship among interactive justice, leader–member exchange, and workplace friendship. The Social Science Journal, 50(1), 89-95.
Colbert, A. E., Bono, J. E., & Purvanova, R. K. (2016). Flourishing via workplace relationships: Moving beyond instrumental support. Academy of Management Journal, 59(4), 1199-1223.
Deckop, J. R., Mangel, R., & Cirka, C. C. (1999). Getting more than you pay for: Organizational citizenship behavior and pay-for-performance plans. Academy of Management journal, 42(4), 420-428.
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological science, 13(1), 81-84.
Dutton J.E., Heaphy E.D. (2003). The power of high quality connections. In Cameron K.S, Dutton J.E., Quinn R.E. (Eds), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline (pp. 263–278). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions?. Review of general psychology, 2(3), 300-319.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American psychologist, 56(3), 218.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden–and–build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1367-1377.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 47, pp. 1-53). Academic Press.
Goldman, J. A., Cooper, P. E., Ahern, K., & Corsini, D. A. (1981). Continuities and discontinuities in the friendship descriptions of women at six stages in the life cycle. Genetic Psychology Monographs.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American psychologist, 44(3), 513.
Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested‐self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied psychology, 50(3), 337-421.
Hofmann, D. A., Lei, Z., & Grant, A. M. (2009). Seeking help in the shadow of doubt: The sensemaking processes underlying how nurses decide whom to ask for advice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1261.
Ibarra, H. (1993). Personal networks of women and minorities in management: A conceptual framework. Academy of management Review, 18(1), 56-87.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of management journal, 33(4), 692-724.
Kram, K. E., & Isabella, L. A. (1985). Mentoring alternatives: The role of peer relationships in career development. Academy of management Journal, 28(1), 110-132.
Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1966, 1978). The social psychology of organizations. New York: Wiley.
Leana, C. R., & Van Buren III, H. J. (2012). Organizational Social Capital and Employment Practices. Sociology of Organizations: Structures and Relationships, 41-52.
Lu, J. G., Hafenbrack, A. C., Eastwick, P. W., Wang, D. J., Maddux, W. W., & Galinsky, A. D. (2017). “Going out” of the box: Close intercultural friendships and romantic relationships spark creativity, workplace innovation, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(7), 1091.
Markiewicz, D., Devine, I., & Kausilas, D. (2000). Friendships of women and men at work: Job satisfaction and resource implications. Journal of managerial Psychology.
May, D. R., Gilson, R. L., & Harter, L. M. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 77(1), 11-37.
Methot, J. R., Lepine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & Christian, J. S. (2016). Are workplace friendships a mixed blessing? Exploring tradeoffs of multiplex relationships and their associations with job performance. Personnel psychology, 69(2), 311-355.
Mao, H. Y. (2006). The relationship between organizational level and workplace friendship. The international journal of human Resource Management, 17(10), 1819-1833.
Mao, H. Y., Chen, C. Y., & Hsieh, T. H. (2009). The relationship between bureaucracy and workplace friendship. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 37(2), 255-266.
Mao, H. Y., Hsieh, A. T., & Chen, C. Y. (2012). The relationship between workplace friendship and perceived job significance. Journal of Management & Organization, 18(2), 247-262.
Mao, H. Y., & Hsieh, A. T. (2017). Friendship at work and error disclosure. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 20(4), 213-225.
Markiewicz, D., Devine, I., & Kausilas, D. (2000). Friendships of women and men at work: Job satisfaction and resource implications. Journal of managerial Psychology.
Morrison, R., & Wright, S. (Eds.). (2009). Friends and enemies in organizations: A work psychology perspective. Springer.
Mossholder, K. W., Settoon, R. P., & Henagan, S. C. (2005). A relational perspective on turnover: Examining structural, attitudinal, and behavioral predictors. Academy of Management Journal, 48(4), 607-618.
Nadler, A., Ellis, S., & Bar, I. (2003). To seek or not to seek: The relationship between help seeking and job performance evaluations as moderated by task‐relevant expertise. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(1), 91-109.
Nielsen, I. K., Jex, S. M., & Adams, G. A. (2000). Development and validation of scores on a two-dimensional workplace friendship scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(4), 628-643.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA Lexmgton.
Organ, D. W. (2015). Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Wright, J. D. (Eds), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition). Elsevier, Pages 317-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.22031-X.
Pillemer, J., & Rothbard, N. P. (2018). Friends without benefits: Understanding the dark sides of workplace friendship. Academy of Management Review, 43(4), 635-660.
Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual-and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of applied Psychology, 94(1), 122-141.
Quinn, R. W., & Dutton, J. E. (2005). Coordination as energy-in-conversation. Academy of management review, 30(1), 36-57.
Rawlins, W. K. (2017). Friendship matters communication, dialectics, and the life course. Routledge.
Riordan, C. M., & Griffeth, R. W. (1995). The opportunity for friendship in the workplace: An underexplored construct. Journal of business and psychology, 10(2), 141-154.
Roethlisberger, F. J., & Dickson, W. J. (1939). Management and the Worker. Harvard university press.
Ross, J. A. (1997). Does friendship improve job performance?. Harvard Business Review, 75(2), 8-9.
Sias, P. M., & Perry, T. (2004). Disengaging from workplace relationships: A research note. Human Communication Research, 30(4), 589-602.
Song, S. H. (2006). Workplace friendship and employees’ productivity: LMX theory and the case of the Seoul city government. International Review of Public Administration, 11(1), 47-58.
Song, S. H., & Olshfski, D. (2008). Friends at work: A comparative study of work attitudes in Seoul city government and New Jersey state government. Administration & Society, 40(2), 147-169.
Smith, C. A. O. D. W. N. J. P., Organ, D. W., & Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of applied psychology, 68(4), 653-663.
Tse, H. H., & Dasborough, M. T. (2008). A study of exchange and emotions in team member relationships. Group & Organization Management, 33(2), 194-215.
Vaillant, G. E. (2008). Aging well: Surprising guideposts to a happier life from the landmark study of adult development. Hachette UK.
Winstead, B. A., Derlega, V. J., Montgomery, M. J., & Pilkington, C. (1995). The quality of friendships at work and job satisfaction. Journal of social and personal relationships, 12(2), 199-215.
Wright, P. H. (1974). The delineation and measurement of some key variables in the study of friendship. Representative Research in Social Psychology.
Wright, P. H. (1984). Self-referent motivation and the intrinsic quality of friendship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1(1), 115-130.
Zagenczyk, T. J., & Murrell, A. J. (2009). It is better to receive than to give: Advice network effects on job and work-unit attachment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(2), 139-152.