PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN ETIS TERHADAP WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT DIMEDIASI KELELAHAN EMOSIONAL PEGAWAI PADA BADAN PENDAPATAN DAERAH KOTA PEKANBARU
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Published:
Jul 9, 2023
Keywords:
Kepemimpinan Etis Work-Family Conflict Kelelahan Emosional
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Abstract
Saat ini literatur manajemen tentang kepemimpinan etis difokuskan pada peran kepemimpinan etis dalam menentukan hasil organisasi dan individu, dan isu-isu yang terlibat dalam penerapan praktik kepemimpinan etis. Terlepas dari fokus ekstensif pada kepemimpinan etis, ada banyak area yang memerlukan penyelidikan lebih lanjut. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh pegawai Badan Pendapatan Daerah Kota Pekanbaru yang berjumlah 111 orang PNS dari 156 yang diambil secara yang diambil secara acak dan dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM). Berdasarkan hasil temuan yang didapatkan dari pengujian hipotesis dan telah dijelaskan pada bab-bab sebelumnya, maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut : Kepemimpinan etis memiliki pengaruh langsung yang negatif dan signifikan terhadap kelelahan emosional; Kepemimpinan etis memiliki pengaruh langsung yang negatif dan signifikan terhadap konflik kerja-keluarga (work-family conflict); Kelelahan emosional memiliki pengaruh langsung yang positif dan signifikan terhadap konflik kerja-keluarga (work-family conflict); Kepemimpinan etis memiliki pengaruh tidak langsung yang negatif dan signifikan terhadap konflik kerja-keluarga (work-family conflict) melalui kelelahan emosional.
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References
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Allen, T., David, E., Herst, C., Bruck, C. and Sutton, M. (2000), “Consequences associated with work-tofamily conflict: a review and agenda for future research”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 278-308.
Avey, J. B., Wernsing, T. S., & Palanski, M. E. (2012). Exploring the process of ethical leadership: The mediating role of employee voice and psychological ownership. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(1), 21-34.
Baer, M.D.; Dhensa-Kahlon, R.K.; Colquitt, J.A.; Rodell, J.B.; Outlaw, R.; Long, D.M. Uneasy lies the head that bears the trust: The effects of feeling trusted on emotional exhaustion. Acad. Manag. J. 2015, 58, 1637–1657. [CrossRef]
Barnett, R. C., & Hyde, J. S. (2001). Women, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory. American Psychologist, 56, 781–796. Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: The Free Press.
Boles, J. S., Johnston, M. W., & Hair, J. F, Jr. (1997). Role stress, work–family conflict and emotional exhaustion: Inter-relationships and effects on some work-related consequences. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 17, 17–28.
Brown, M.E.; Treviño, L.K. Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. Leadersh. Q. 2006, 17, 595–616. [CrossRef]
Brown, M.E.; Treviño, L.K.; Harrison, D.A. Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 2005, 97, 117–134. [CrossRef]
Carlson, D. S., Grzywacz, J. G., & Zivnuska, S. (2009). Is work– family balance more than conflict and enrichment? Human Relations, 62, 1459–1486.
Carlson, D., Kacmar, K. and Williams, L. (2000), “Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work–family conflict”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 56 No. 2, pp. 249-276
Carmeli, A., Gelbard, R., & Reiter‐Palmon, R. (2013). Leadership, creative problem‐solving capacity, and creative performance: The importance of knowledge sharing. Human Resource Management, 52(1), 95-121.
Cordes, C.L., & Dougherty, T.W. (1993). A review and an integration of research on job burnout. The Academy of Management Review, 18, 621–656. http://dx.doi.org/10. 2307/258593.
Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D.E., & Byrne, Z.S. (2003). The relationship of emotional exhaustion to work attitudes, job performance, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 160–169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.160.
Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D.E., & Byrne, Z.S. (2003). The relationship of emotional exhaustion to work attitudes, job performance, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 160–169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.160.
Dadhich, A.; Bhal, K.T. Ethical leader behaviour and leader-member exchange as predictors of subordinate behaviours. Vikalpa 2008, 33, 15–26. [CrossRef]
De Jonge, J.; Dormann, C.; Janssen, P.P.M.; Dollard, M.F.; Landeweerd, J.A.; Nijhuis, F.J.N. Testing reciprocal relationships between job characteristics and psychological well-being: A cross-lagged structural equation model. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 2001, 74, 29–46. [CrossRef]
Densten, I.L. (2005). The relationship between visioning behaviours of leaders and follower burnout. British Journal of Management, 16, 105–118. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1111/j.1467-8551.2005.00428.x.
Edelman, D., & Nicholson, A. (2011). Arthur Anderson Auditors and Enron: What happened to their Texas CPA licenses? Journal of Finance and Accountancy, 8(1), 1-9.
Gaines, J., & Jermier, J.M. (1983). Emotional exhaustion in a high stress organization. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 567–586. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/ 255907.
Greenhaus, J. and Beutell, N. (1985), “Sources of conflict between work and family roles”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 76-88.
Halbesleben, J.B. (2006). Sources of social support and burnout: A meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1134–1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1134.
Halbesleben, J.B., & Buckley, M. (2004). Burnout in organizational life. Journal of Management, 30, 859–879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.004.
Halbesleben, J.R., Harvey, J., & Bolino, M.C. (2009). Too engaged? A conservation of resources view of the relationship between work engagement and work interference with family. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1452–1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017595.
Hall, G. B., Dollard, M. F., Tuckey, M. R., Winefield, A. H., & Thompson, B. M. (2010). Job demands, work–family conflict, and emotional exhaustion in police officers: A longitudinal test of competing theories. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 237–250.
Hanson, G. C., Hammer, L. B., & Colton, C. L. (2006). Development and validation of a multidimensional scale of perceived work– family positive spillover. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11, 249–265.
Hassan, S. (2015). The importance of ethical leadership and personal control in promoting improvement-centered voice among government employees. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 25(3), 697–719.
Heaphy, E. D., & Dutton, J. E. (2008). Positive social interactions and the human body at work: Linking organizations and physiology. Academy of Management Review, 33, 137–162.
Hobfoll, S.E. Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. Am. Psychol. 1989, 44, 513–524. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Hobfoll, S.E. The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Appl. Psychol. 2001, 50, 337–421. [CrossRef]
Hochwarter, W.A., Ferris, G.R., Zinko, R., Arnell, B., & James, M. (2007). Reputation as a moderator of political behavior–work outcomes relationships: A two-study investigation with convergent results. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 567–576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.567.
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York: Wiley.
Kalshoven, K., Den Hartog, D.N., & De Hoogh, A.B. (2011). Ethical Leadership at Work questionnaire (ELW): Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.007.
Kampa, J.; Rigotti, T.; Otto, K. Mechanisms linking authentic leadership to emotional exhaustion: The role of procedural justice and emotional demands in a moderated mediation approach. Ind. Health 2017, 55, 95–107. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Khokhar, A. M., & Zia-ur-Rehman, M. (2017). Linking ethical leadership to employees’ performance: Mediating role of organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 11(1), 321-350.
Kohlberg, L. (1969). State and sequence: The cognitive-development approach to socialization. In D. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347–480). Chicago: Rand-McNally.
Kossek, E. E. (2006). Work and family in America: Growing tensions between employment policy and a transformed workforce. In E. Lawler & J. O’Toole (Eds.), America at work: Choices and challenges (pp. 53–72). NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
Lee, R.T., & Ashforth, B.E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 123–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.2.123.
Li, J.; Han, X.; Wang, W.; Sun, G.; Cheng, Z. How social support influences university students’ academic achievement and emotional exhaustion: The mediating role of self-esteem. Learn. Individ. Differ. 2018, 61, 120–126. [CrossRef]
Lind, E., & van den Bos, K. (2002). When fairness works: Toward a general theory of uncertainty management. In B.M. Staw, & R.M. Kramer (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior: An annual series of analytical essays and critical reviews (pp. 181–223). US: Elsevier Science/JAI Press
Major, D. and Lauzun, H. (2010), “Equipping managers to assist employees in addressing work-family conflict: applying the research literature toward innovative practice”, Psychologist-Manager Journal, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 69-85.
Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S.E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99–113.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422
Mayer, D. M., Kuenzi, M., Greenbaum, R., Bardes, M., & Salvador, R. (2009). How low does ethical leadership flow? Test of a trickle-down model. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(1), 1–13.
Mehmood, S. (2016). Impact of ethical leadership on employee creativity: Mediating role of trust and moderating role of creative self-efficacy. Jinnah Business Review, 4(2), 65- 74.
Neal, M. B., & Hammer, L. B. (2007). Working couples caring for children and aging parents: Effects on work and well-being. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Prottas, D. (2013), “Relationships among employee perception of their manager’s behavioral integrity, moral distress, and employee attitudes and well-being”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 113 No. 1, pp. 51-60.
Qi, Y., & Ming-Xia, L. (2014). Ethical leadership, organizational identification and employee voice: Examining moderated mediation process in the Chinese insurance industry. Asia Pacific Business Review, 20(2), 231-248.
Resick, C. J., Hanges, P. J., Dickson, M. W., & Mitchelson, J. K. (2006). A cross-cultural examination of the endorsement of ethical leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 63(4), 345–359.
Schein, E.H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (4th ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Shirom, A. (1989). Burnout in work organizations. In C.L. Cooper, & I.T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology 1989 (pp. 25–48). Oxford England: John Wiley & Sons.
Treviño, L. (1986). Ethical decision making in organizations: A person–situation interactionist model. Academy of Management Review, 11, 601–617. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5465/AMR.1986.4306235.
Van den Bos, K. (2001). Uncertainty management: The influence of uncertainty salience on reactions to perceived procedural fairness. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 80, 931–941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.80.6.931.
van Dierendonck, D. (2011). Servant leadership: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 37, 1228–1261.
Walumbwa, F., Mayer, D., Wang, P., Wang, H., Workman, K. and Christensen, A. (2011), “Linking ethical leadership to employee performance: the roles of leader-member exchange, self-efficacy, and organizational identification”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 115, pp. 204-213.
Wang, D., Gan, C., Wu, C., & Wang, D. (2015). Ethical leadership and employee voice: Employee self-efficacy and self-impact as mediators, Psychological Reports, 116(3), 751-767.
Wang, Q., Bowling, N.A., & Eschleman, K.J. (2010). A meta-analytic examination of work and general locus of control. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 761–768. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017707.
Wright, T.A., & Bonett, D.G. (1997). The contribution of burnout to work performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 491–499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ (SICI)1099-1379(199709)18:5b491::AID-JOB804N3.0.CO;2-I.
Wright, T.A., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 486–493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.486.
Zheng, D.; Witt, L.A.; Waite, E.; David, E.M.; van Driel, M.; McDonald, D.P.; Callison, K.R.; Crepeau, L.J. Effects of ethical leadership on emotional exhaustion in high moral intensity situations. Leadersh. Q. 2015, 26, 732–748. [CrossRef]
Zhu, W., May, D. R., & Avolio, B. J. (2004). The impact of ethical leadership behavior on employee outcomes: The roles of psychological empowerment and authenticity. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 11(1), 16–26.
Allen, T., David, E., Herst, C., Bruck, C. and Sutton, M. (2000), “Consequences associated with work-tofamily conflict: a review and agenda for future research”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 278-308.
Avey, J. B., Wernsing, T. S., & Palanski, M. E. (2012). Exploring the process of ethical leadership: The mediating role of employee voice and psychological ownership. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(1), 21-34.
Baer, M.D.; Dhensa-Kahlon, R.K.; Colquitt, J.A.; Rodell, J.B.; Outlaw, R.; Long, D.M. Uneasy lies the head that bears the trust: The effects of feeling trusted on emotional exhaustion. Acad. Manag. J. 2015, 58, 1637–1657. [CrossRef]
Barnett, R. C., & Hyde, J. S. (2001). Women, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory. American Psychologist, 56, 781–796. Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: The Free Press.
Boles, J. S., Johnston, M. W., & Hair, J. F, Jr. (1997). Role stress, work–family conflict and emotional exhaustion: Inter-relationships and effects on some work-related consequences. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 17, 17–28.
Brown, M.E.; Treviño, L.K. Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. Leadersh. Q. 2006, 17, 595–616. [CrossRef]
Brown, M.E.; Treviño, L.K.; Harrison, D.A. Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 2005, 97, 117–134. [CrossRef]
Carlson, D. S., Grzywacz, J. G., & Zivnuska, S. (2009). Is work– family balance more than conflict and enrichment? Human Relations, 62, 1459–1486.
Carlson, D., Kacmar, K. and Williams, L. (2000), “Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work–family conflict”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 56 No. 2, pp. 249-276
Carmeli, A., Gelbard, R., & Reiter‐Palmon, R. (2013). Leadership, creative problem‐solving capacity, and creative performance: The importance of knowledge sharing. Human Resource Management, 52(1), 95-121.
Cordes, C.L., & Dougherty, T.W. (1993). A review and an integration of research on job burnout. The Academy of Management Review, 18, 621–656. http://dx.doi.org/10. 2307/258593.
Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D.E., & Byrne, Z.S. (2003). The relationship of emotional exhaustion to work attitudes, job performance, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 160–169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.160.
Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D.E., & Byrne, Z.S. (2003). The relationship of emotional exhaustion to work attitudes, job performance, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 160–169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.160.
Dadhich, A.; Bhal, K.T. Ethical leader behaviour and leader-member exchange as predictors of subordinate behaviours. Vikalpa 2008, 33, 15–26. [CrossRef]
De Jonge, J.; Dormann, C.; Janssen, P.P.M.; Dollard, M.F.; Landeweerd, J.A.; Nijhuis, F.J.N. Testing reciprocal relationships between job characteristics and psychological well-being: A cross-lagged structural equation model. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 2001, 74, 29–46. [CrossRef]
Densten, I.L. (2005). The relationship between visioning behaviours of leaders and follower burnout. British Journal of Management, 16, 105–118. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1111/j.1467-8551.2005.00428.x.
Edelman, D., & Nicholson, A. (2011). Arthur Anderson Auditors and Enron: What happened to their Texas CPA licenses? Journal of Finance and Accountancy, 8(1), 1-9.
Gaines, J., & Jermier, J.M. (1983). Emotional exhaustion in a high stress organization. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 567–586. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/ 255907.
Greenhaus, J. and Beutell, N. (1985), “Sources of conflict between work and family roles”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 76-88.
Halbesleben, J.B. (2006). Sources of social support and burnout: A meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1134–1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1134.
Halbesleben, J.B., & Buckley, M. (2004). Burnout in organizational life. Journal of Management, 30, 859–879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.004.
Halbesleben, J.R., Harvey, J., & Bolino, M.C. (2009). Too engaged? A conservation of resources view of the relationship between work engagement and work interference with family. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1452–1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017595.
Hall, G. B., Dollard, M. F., Tuckey, M. R., Winefield, A. H., & Thompson, B. M. (2010). Job demands, work–family conflict, and emotional exhaustion in police officers: A longitudinal test of competing theories. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 237–250.
Hanson, G. C., Hammer, L. B., & Colton, C. L. (2006). Development and validation of a multidimensional scale of perceived work– family positive spillover. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11, 249–265.
Hassan, S. (2015). The importance of ethical leadership and personal control in promoting improvement-centered voice among government employees. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 25(3), 697–719.
Heaphy, E. D., & Dutton, J. E. (2008). Positive social interactions and the human body at work: Linking organizations and physiology. Academy of Management Review, 33, 137–162.
Hobfoll, S.E. Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. Am. Psychol. 1989, 44, 513–524. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Hobfoll, S.E. The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Appl. Psychol. 2001, 50, 337–421. [CrossRef]
Hochwarter, W.A., Ferris, G.R., Zinko, R., Arnell, B., & James, M. (2007). Reputation as a moderator of political behavior–work outcomes relationships: A two-study investigation with convergent results. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 567–576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.567.
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York: Wiley.
Kalshoven, K., Den Hartog, D.N., & De Hoogh, A.B. (2011). Ethical Leadership at Work questionnaire (ELW): Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.007.
Kampa, J.; Rigotti, T.; Otto, K. Mechanisms linking authentic leadership to emotional exhaustion: The role of procedural justice and emotional demands in a moderated mediation approach. Ind. Health 2017, 55, 95–107. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Khokhar, A. M., & Zia-ur-Rehman, M. (2017). Linking ethical leadership to employees’ performance: Mediating role of organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 11(1), 321-350.
Kohlberg, L. (1969). State and sequence: The cognitive-development approach to socialization. In D. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347–480). Chicago: Rand-McNally.
Kossek, E. E. (2006). Work and family in America: Growing tensions between employment policy and a transformed workforce. In E. Lawler & J. O’Toole (Eds.), America at work: Choices and challenges (pp. 53–72). NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
Lee, R.T., & Ashforth, B.E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 123–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.2.123.
Li, J.; Han, X.; Wang, W.; Sun, G.; Cheng, Z. How social support influences university students’ academic achievement and emotional exhaustion: The mediating role of self-esteem. Learn. Individ. Differ. 2018, 61, 120–126. [CrossRef]
Lind, E., & van den Bos, K. (2002). When fairness works: Toward a general theory of uncertainty management. In B.M. Staw, & R.M. Kramer (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior: An annual series of analytical essays and critical reviews (pp. 181–223). US: Elsevier Science/JAI Press
Major, D. and Lauzun, H. (2010), “Equipping managers to assist employees in addressing work-family conflict: applying the research literature toward innovative practice”, Psychologist-Manager Journal, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 69-85.
Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S.E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99–113.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422
Mayer, D. M., Kuenzi, M., Greenbaum, R., Bardes, M., & Salvador, R. (2009). How low does ethical leadership flow? Test of a trickle-down model. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(1), 1–13.
Mehmood, S. (2016). Impact of ethical leadership on employee creativity: Mediating role of trust and moderating role of creative self-efficacy. Jinnah Business Review, 4(2), 65- 74.
Neal, M. B., & Hammer, L. B. (2007). Working couples caring for children and aging parents: Effects on work and well-being. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Prottas, D. (2013), “Relationships among employee perception of their manager’s behavioral integrity, moral distress, and employee attitudes and well-being”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 113 No. 1, pp. 51-60.
Qi, Y., & Ming-Xia, L. (2014). Ethical leadership, organizational identification and employee voice: Examining moderated mediation process in the Chinese insurance industry. Asia Pacific Business Review, 20(2), 231-248.
Resick, C. J., Hanges, P. J., Dickson, M. W., & Mitchelson, J. K. (2006). A cross-cultural examination of the endorsement of ethical leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 63(4), 345–359.
Schein, E.H. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (4th ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Shirom, A. (1989). Burnout in work organizations. In C.L. Cooper, & I.T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology 1989 (pp. 25–48). Oxford England: John Wiley & Sons.
Treviño, L. (1986). Ethical decision making in organizations: A person–situation interactionist model. Academy of Management Review, 11, 601–617. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5465/AMR.1986.4306235.
Van den Bos, K. (2001). Uncertainty management: The influence of uncertainty salience on reactions to perceived procedural fairness. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 80, 931–941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.80.6.931.
van Dierendonck, D. (2011). Servant leadership: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 37, 1228–1261.
Walumbwa, F., Mayer, D., Wang, P., Wang, H., Workman, K. and Christensen, A. (2011), “Linking ethical leadership to employee performance: the roles of leader-member exchange, self-efficacy, and organizational identification”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 115, pp. 204-213.
Wang, D., Gan, C., Wu, C., & Wang, D. (2015). Ethical leadership and employee voice: Employee self-efficacy and self-impact as mediators, Psychological Reports, 116(3), 751-767.
Wang, Q., Bowling, N.A., & Eschleman, K.J. (2010). A meta-analytic examination of work and general locus of control. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 761–768. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017707.
Wright, T.A., & Bonett, D.G. (1997). The contribution of burnout to work performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 491–499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ (SICI)1099-1379(199709)18:5b491::AID-JOB804N3.0.CO;2-I.
Wright, T.A., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 486–493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.486.
Zheng, D.; Witt, L.A.; Waite, E.; David, E.M.; van Driel, M.; McDonald, D.P.; Callison, K.R.; Crepeau, L.J. Effects of ethical leadership on emotional exhaustion in high moral intensity situations. Leadersh. Q. 2015, 26, 732–748. [CrossRef]
Zhu, W., May, D. R., & Avolio, B. J. (2004). The impact of ethical leadership behavior on employee outcomes: The roles of psychological empowerment and authenticity. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 11(1), 16–26.